Translation and Standardization of Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56976/rjsi.v5i3.156Abstract
The present study aimed to translate and standardize the Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ). This research was completed in two phases. The objective of Phase 1 was to translate the scale into Urdu using the standard back-translation procedure. The purpose of Phase 2 was to standardize the Urdu version of EAQ. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 250 participants (girls and boys) with age range of 12 to 18 years from educational institutions. A set of descriptive analyses was used to organize and summarize data. The internal consistency of the translated scale was 0.89 and the test retest reliability was 0.96. The scale’s construct validity was established through exploratory factor analysis. Six factors were loaded whose eigen value was greater than 1 and the total variance of these factors was 70.77. The convergent validity of the scale was 0.85. All the results were statistically significant
References
Abbas, S. S., & Jabeen, T. (2019). Prevalence of Child Abuse Among the University Students: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in University of the Punjab, Pakistan. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 40(2), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684x19861578
American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (2019). Psychological Maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.apsac.org/single-post/2019/08/16/apsac-announces-revisions-to-its-definitions-of-psychological-maltreatment-and-adds-a-cau
American Psychological Association (2017). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. American Psychologist, 57(12), 1060–1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.12.1060
Berzenski, S. R., & Yates, T. M. (2010). A Developmental Process Analysis of the Contribution of Childhood Emotional Abuse to Relationship Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(2), 180–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903539474
Burns, E. E., Jackson, J. L., & Harding, H. G. (2010). Child Maltreatment, Emotion Regulation, and Posttraumatic Stress: The Impact of Emotional Abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(8), 801–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2010.522947
Chiu, G. R., Lutfey, K. E., Litman, H. J., Link, C. L., Hall, S. A., & McKinlay, J. B. (2013). Prevalence and Overlap of Childhood and Adult Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse: A Descriptive Analysis of Results From the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. Violence and Victims, 28(3), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11-043
Courtney, E., Kushwaha, M., & Johnson, J. (2008). Childhood Emotional Abuse and Risk for Hopelessness and Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 8(3), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926790802262572
Crozier, J. C., & Barth, R. P. (2005). Cognitive and Academic Functioning in Maltreated Children. Children & Schools, 27(4), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/27.4.197
Dias, A., Sales, L., Hessen, D. J., & Kleber, R. J. (2015). Child maltreatment and psychological symptoms in a Portuguese adult community sample: The harmful effects of emotional abuse. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(7), 767–778. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-0140621-0
Diventuri, A. (n.d.). Title: Words Hurt: A Literature Review on the Impact of Verbal/Emotional Abuse. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2012/2012diventuria.pdf
Finzi-Dottan, R., & Karu, T. (2006). From Emotional Abuse in Childhood to Psychopathology in Adulthood. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(8), 616–621. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000230654.49933.23
Flichtbeil, R. (2014). Emotional abuse : the subjective experience of professionals and Emotional abuse : the subjective experience of professionals and the obstacles to prevention and intervention the obstacles to prevention and intervention. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1850&context=theses
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7
Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6-7), 697–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00342-3
Glaser, D. (2011). How to deal with emotional abuse and neglect—Further development of a conceptual framework (FRAMEA). Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(10), 866–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.08.002
Goldsmith, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2005). Awareness for Emotional Abuse. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(1), 95–124. http://doi.org/10.1300/J135v5n01_04
Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(10), 734–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.03.001
Higgins, D. J., & McCabe, M. P. (2000). Multi-type maltreatment and the long-term adjustment of adults. Child Abuse Review, 9(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0852(200001/02)9:1%3C6::aid-car579%3E3.0.co;2-w
Hornor, G. (2012). Emotional Maltreatment. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 26(6), 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2011.05.004
Iram Rizvi, S. F., & Najam, N. (2014). Parental Psychological Abuse toward children and Mental Health Problems in adolescence. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(2), 256–260. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998989/
Khalid, Mona. (2015). Perceptions of Emotional Abuse with Respect to Depression, Anxiety and Low Self-Esteem among Pakistani Women from Low Income Families. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 6(10).5901.
Lakhdir, M. P. A., Nathwani, A. A., Ali, N. A., Farooq, S., Azam, S. I., Khaliq, A., & Kadir, M. M. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment: Predictors of child emotional maltreatment among 11 to 17 years old children residing in communities of Karachi, Pakistan. Child Abuse & Neglect, 91, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.004
Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., & Bastos, A. (2017). Parenting styles and emotional abuse: The mediating role of self-criticism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(9), 2482-2491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0776-1
Li, E. T., Carracher, E., & Bird, T. (2020). Linking childhood emotional abuse and adult depressive symptoms: The role of mentalizing incapacity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104253
Maguire, S. A., Williams, B., Naughton, A. M., Cowley, L. E., Tempest, V., Mann, M. K., Teague, M., & Kemp, A. M. (2015). A systematic review of the emotional, behavioural and cognitive features exhibited by school-aged children experiencing neglect or emotional abuse. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(5), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12227
Malik, F. (2010). Determinants of Child Abuse in Pakistani Families: Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Demographic Variables.
Malik, F., & Rizvi, F. (2009). Domestic violence: A risk factor to child abuse in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 1-25.
Mandavia, A., Robinson, G. G. N., Bradley, B., Ressler, K. J., & Powers, A. (2016). Exposure to Childhood Abuse and Later Substance Use: Indirect Effects of Emotion Dysregulation and Exposure to Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(5), 422–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22131
Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., Weismoore, J. T., & Renshaw, K. D. (2013). The Relation Between Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review and Critical Examination of the Literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(2), 146–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0131-5
Momtaz, V., Mansor, M., Talib, M. A., Kahar, R. B., & Momtaz, T. (2022). Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ): A New Scale for Measuring Emotional Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment 1. Japanese Psychological Research, 64(1), 1-11.
Momtaz, V., Mansor, M., Talib, M. A., Kahar, R. B., & Momtaz, T. (2020). Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ): A New Scale for Measuring Emotional Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment 1. Japanese Psychological Research, 64(1), 1-11.
Momtaz, V., Mansor, M., Talib, M. A., Kahar, R. B., & Momtaz, T. (2022). Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ): A New Scale for Measuring Emotional Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment 1. Japanese Psychological Research, 64(1), 1-11.
Naughton, A. M., Maguire, S. A., Mann, M. K., Lumb, R. C., Tempest, V., Gracias, S., & Kemp, A. M. (2013). Emotional, Behavioral, and Developmental Features Indicative of Neglect or Emotional Abuse in Preschool Children. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(8), 769. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.192
Ngisa, F. S., Muriungi, P., & Mwenda, E. (2017). Impact of Child Abuse on Academic Performance of Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Kieni West Sub-County, Nyeri County.
Nolin, P., & Ethier, L. (2007). Using neuropsychological profiles to classify neglected children with or without physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(6), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.009
Shapero, B. G., Black, S. K., Liu, R. T., Klugman, J., Bender, R. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013). Stressful Life Events and Depression Symptoms: The Effect of Childhood Emotional Abuse on Stress Reactivity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22011
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420-428. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
Smith, C. A., Ireland, T. O., & Thornberry, T. P. (2005). Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult antisocial behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1099–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.02.011
Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Halligan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(11), 1247–1258. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.001
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2012). The Universality of Childhood Emotional Abuse: A Meta-Analysis of Worldwide Prevalence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(8), 870–890. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2012.708014
Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (2009). The role of mothers’ and fathers’ adrenocortical reactivity in spillover between interparental conflict and parenting practices. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014198
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
Taillieu, T. L., Brownridge, D. A., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2016). Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child Abuse & Neglect, 59, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.005
Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Different Forms of Child Maltreatment have Comparable Consequences Among Children from Low-Income Families. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792
Walsh, C. A., MacMillan, H. L., Trocmé, N., Jamieson, E., & Boyle, M. H. (2008). Measurement of victimization in adolescence: Development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(11), 1037–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.003
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Shaista Jabeen, Ayesha Sarwar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.