Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan-US Relations and it’s Impact on Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

This article illumination on Pakistan-US relations and various aspects of their common history. There have been many vicissitudes throughout history, which have led to the phenomena of trust and mistrust as well as perceptions and misperceptions. An outline of this research has been prepared with regard to the relations between convergence and divergence of interests. Due to numerous and complex factors, the history of relations between Pakistan and the US has often moved in a roller coaster pattern. The two state’s bilateral relations affected by this multifaceted relationship, which has two distinct co-dependency and trust deficit methods. This article aims to highlight the issues of miscellaneous opinions and policies between Pakistan and the US over the distinctive national and international contexts that directly link the interests of the two parties and outline causes of interaction between them to survive during essential times of vicissitudes. This article described the convergent and divergent in Pak-US relations and this complex of two-pronged affair starting with the history of relations by the end of Musharraf's reign and beginning with the Pakistan People's Party


Introduction and Literature Review
The history of convergence and divergence started when USA established its diplomatic relations with Pakistan. The lack of trust between both countries and high expectations from USA made Islamabad a question from Washington's motives. The story of divergences in Pak-US relations started when both states became more suspicious from each other during the war on terror, which did not conclude in a year because of the trust deficit phase that began on both sides due to different problems. However, the divergences and trust deficits between both countries had a long history but mostly started when US invaded in Afghanistan and Pakistan became a frontline ally. The history of relations between Pakistan and the United States are difficult, complicated, and contentious. The level of engagement in the relationships has always been overshadowed by the aspect of trust and mistrust and different issues have constantly harmed the relationships (Yaqoob & Sattar 2021). Consequently, the second phase of divergences began in the govt. of Pakistan People's Party with the occurrences of multi-incidents in Pakistan. There were many incidents and vicissitudes, which hit the sovereignty, national security and compelled Pakistan to mould its foreign policy towards USA.
The relationship between Pakistan-US was generally base on suspicious, trust deficit and misperception in the tenure of Pakistan People's Party. The US has perceived Pakistan as being alone on several occasions, but it has also implied to Pakistan that the US has supported Pakistan at key pivotal moments and provided support to Pakistan with economic and military assistance. There is a list of divergences of interests, which provides conclusion about the relationship of Pakistan-US. The US has an extensive and institutionalized connection with India that spans a wide range of topics including business dealings, political discussions, and military exchanges. The US wants to use India as a counterweight to China and encouraged by her vibrant democracy, rapid economic and technical development. There are many reasons and diverse occurrences have harmed the relationship and impeded this process of reciprocal collaboration (Akhtar, 2012).
One of the key points of contention between the US and Pakistan is China's containment strategy, under which the US seeks to influence the China's economic and political growth in order to make a split and unstable state and then maintain its hegemony in Asia. Similar to China's containment strategy, the US maintains a determined course of action towards Iran. Three issues in particular are at the centre of US hostility towards Iran: Iran's nuclear enrichment programme, the security of US bases in Afghanistan and the Gulf and any impending Iranian attack against Israel. Due to Pakistan's deep historical, cultural, religious, and geopolitical ties to Iran, these concerns disturb relations between Pakistan and the US therefore, Pakistan is unable to endorse the American anti-Iran policy (Olson, 2013). subject. The descriptive and analytical approaches used in this study were based on primary and secondary data sources, including academic papers, interviews, published printed sources, books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, and electronic sources like e-journals.

Barriers in Pakistan-US relations
The United States of America expected from Pakistan to conduct operations against terrorist groups based in the Punjab province, such as Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, as well as to support the charitable organisation Jamat-u-Daawa, which was suspected of being responsible for the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008. Pakistan, however, failed to the aspirations of the United States of America to conduct operations against such organisations. (Pakistan Daily, 2009). At that time, US intend to support India and blame game was rumored. US Drone Attacks were key factors in diverting Pakistan's foreign policy. In Pakistan, 285 incidences of drone attacks caused 2699 fatalities, according to the statistics published up to January 2012 (Defence Weekly, 2008). Later, Pakistan upheld the secret agreement between the United States and Pakistan regarding drone operations on Pakistani territory and completely supported the United States in its fight against terrorism. However, when the US requested for approval of drone attacks, both governments formally refused to acknowledge the US's responsibility and rejected the request. The probable target may have been attacked without harming Pakistani civilians (Akhtar, 2012).
Due to the US drone attacks on rebels in tribal regions, where innocent women and children and other people were murdered and certain concerns were the obstacle to improving ties between the USA and Pakistan. These issues were recognized and resolved so that both nations' relations could improve. Because it was a mass massacre, it incited hate in the majority of Pakistanis towards America and the American people. On November 26, 2011, a drone assault killed 24 Pakistani military personnel, making it one of the incidents. This incident damaged the relations between both countries and created a hardline stance against the USA in Pakistan (Walsh, 2008). By 2010, there were more airstrikes on suspected militant strongholds, but when a drone attacked Pakistan's military checkpoint Salala on November 26, 2011, there was prevalent outrage over American attacks on the Pakistani military, which was denounced at the national level and the Pakistani Parliament reacted severely, the United States had to leave the Shamsi airfield in Pakistan (Hali, 2012). The massacre of Pakistani civilians tried to damage the relations between the two nations.
Since Pakistan gained independence 60 years ago, it has faced a plenty of challenges with its foreign policy. He claimed that Pakistan's foreign policy based on an ideology that has actually produced political elite, and he blames Liaqat Ali Khan for determining the country's foreign policy's direction towards the western capitalist block and he made Pakistan eternally dependent on the West (Ghori, 2007). The US's anti-Islam propaganda, which claimed that Muslims were terrorists everywhere in the globe and that Islam, was a religion of fanatics was another significant element for undermining the ties between the two nations. Fundamentalists in America dominated this sort of propaganda, despite the fact that the truth about Islam was fully and entirely different from the anti-Islamic propaganda. Islam is a religion of peace, tolerance, harmony, protection of all citizens, human rights, regardless of their beliefs, faiths or religions, brotherhood among state citizens, justice and the welfare of people of all religions as well as Islam forbids the killing of non-Muslims.

Reservations between Pakistan and USA and its impact on Pakistan's foreign policy
The USA has heavily criticized Pakistan for not implementing the "Counterinsurgency" (COIN doctrine), which was based on the policing model and relies on local law enforcement organisations, including the police, intelligence services, judicial systems, and magistrates, as the principal players to uphold social order and provide security in the area. The US puts up a unified front to persuade Pakistan's government to continue its willingness to receive US help while sending a severe message to Afghanistan's insurgents, which is attempting to find safety in Pakistan's western region (New York Times, 2011). Many observers are shocked by Pakistan's military's steadfast refusal to budge in the face of American requests for more aggressive action against terrorists.
Some claimed that a high-level US group led by Secretary Clinton visited Islamabad in October on an unscheduled basis. General Stanley Mc. Crystal, the commander of the American forces in Afghanistan and the ISAF forces said that the Pakistani ISI had supported external forces, which were working to damage American interests and topple the Kabul government in September 2009. According to observers, the ISI has maintained its connections to these external forces as insurance against the USA's retreat from this area and the expansion of Indian influence in Afghanistan (Miller, 2009). The Haqqani network is receiving safe havens from the ISI, a Pakistani intelligence agency, which has close ties to the Shura in Quetta and has been accused of engaging in massive scale double-game. The ISI is also accused of providing safe havens to clients like the Taliban and of influencing their activities (Jones, 2007). The Pakistani government and intelligence services were allegedly involved in the dual policymaking efforts to appease both the US and the Taliban.
Pakistan claimed that it would not be able to combat with Taliban since it had stabilized by its recent successes but the US claimed to be continued to fight against militants (BBC News, 2010). The fact that Pakistan rebuffed the US proposal to begin its fresh anti-terrorist offensives in 2010 was a symptom of the widening rifts between the two nations. United States has repeatedly urged Pakistan to cooperate with counterterrorism operations in North Waziristan, which thought to be the main haven for Afghan Taliban linked to the Haqqani network, as well as, for surviving groups of the Punjabi Taliban and Al-Qaeda (Hoffman, 2009). The Pakistani army's position was that the operations in such regions have already been overstretched, which has been used to carry out the offence in the other tribal areas. The Pakistani troops were hesitant to conduct more operations (Waldman, 2010). This study also covers the 2011 assassinations of prominent people, the scandal related to CIA agent Raymond Davis, who was accused of killing people in Pakistan's city of Lahore, and the important incident involving Osama bin Laden's death during an operation in Abbottabad's bilateral issues (The News International, 2012). Salman Taser, the governor of Punjab and the most liberal member of the Pakistan People's Party, was slain on January 4, 2011, in broad daylight by his personal bodyguard Mumtaz Qadri. In another incident, the two-gun men shot and killed Shahbaz Bhatti, a minister for Pakistan's minorities, as he was in his car. He was the only federally appointed minister from Pakistan's Christian community. Saleem Shahzad, a Pakistani journalist, was slain in May 2011, and the New York stated in September that an officer on General Kiani's staff had given the order to kill the journalist. According to US admiral Mike Mullen, the Pakistani government authorized and carried out the murder of this journalist (DeYoung, 2011). In November 2010, the United States led India without stopping in Pakistan, which caused concerns and scared for Pakistani officials. They saw it as a symbol of deprivation and believed that America supported India, which tends to undermine US-Pakistan relations in the region.
In order to work with the CIA, Dr. Shakil Afridi created a forged vaccination programme in 2012. The search for Al-Qaida members and their leader Osama bin Laden was the actual objective of this operation. For treason against Pakistani interests, he captured by Pakistani authorities and sentenced to 33 years in jail (MacAskill and Walsh, 2011). The USA cut 33 million dollars in funding to Pakistan in retaliation for this action against that country, one dollar for each year Dr. Afridi spent in prison (Leiby and Finn, 2012). On May 31, 2012, US senator Rand Paul demanded that the country cease all forms of aid to Pakistan and award US citizenship to a doctor who was serving time for aiding in the search for Osama bin Laden (The Economic Times, 2015). Pakistan carried it through despite US criticism and resistance because the project was crucial for Pakistan's national stability at a time when the USA pronounced Iran as an evil axis by supporting Israel (Daily Times, 2008). The Pakistan and Iran Gas Pipeline Project piqued the interest of and angered the USA. Pakistan was experiencing significant energy shortages, making these kinds of energy-related initiatives essential to resolving the situation.
The economy of Pakistan significantly affected and developed financial strains between both countries. The United States faced three main challenges in its efforts to assist Pakistan: a lack of capability, misperception of a threat, and a lack of confidence in the USA. In the end, Pakistan's security forces improved their capacity to recover previously occupied territory by terrorists, and Pakistani army used military operations to free the region from the insurgents.
One of the most significant American political scientists of the 20 th century, summarizes the main point made in this research is that there should be a clear connection between national objectives and efforts to form foreign policy, as well as the risks and challenges that lie ahead in such a relationship (Morgenthau, 1959). The Taliban element was tolerated because it operated in its own region, despite the fact that there were still certain unanswered problems about the US-Islamabad accords over vital US interests.
The deteriorating economic conditions, the unpredictable political climate, the security dangers, and the continued turbulence in relations with the surrounding countries further worried the US authorities. In order to maintain and strengthen these extensive, long-term ties and certain rules should be adhered between the two countries. It became clear that Pakistan's national security and ecosystem were in grave danger. Security crises may result from environmental stress, which would undoubtedly have an impact on Pakistan's national security and its foreign policy. Environment and security are closely relate to one another. Natural disasters, soil depletion, and water shortages in Pakistan might have exacerbated the nation's tensions and disagreements, which could have led to national security issues (The CNA Corporation, 2010). Furthermore, it was urged China to provide justify its plan to construct two nuclear reactors in Pakistan to the world community.
The rise of Islamic militancy in Pakistan, which peaked in 2007Pakistan, which peaked in -2008 were concerned for the both countries United States and Pakistan. During this period, Pakistan was rank third internationally after Afghanistan and Iraq both of which have seen a lot of murder and terrorism and observed an increase in suicide bomber attacks in 2008 compared to 2002, when there were just two blasts (News Week, 2011). There have always been misunderstandings and false perceptions between the two nations. While the USA also had the same requirements to observe the positive connections between Pakistan and China, Pakistan did not feel good about the USA's partnerships with Afghanistan and India. Both the state and non-state actors played similar roles. The USA had always developed its policies without considering the interests of the local population in favour of its own. The only way the USA could end its war on terror would be to reduce such a deficit and lack of trust. Pakistan's nuclear programme has long been a point of friction between the two programs. The United States made every effort to stop Pakistan's nuclear programme. Pakistan received several warnings and inducements to give up its nuclear programme, but the country refused to back down and continued to push the issue.

Causes and Consequences
In addition to providing security support for different activities, the USA has also offered civilian support for the people of Pakistan, which solved Pakistan's most urgent issues including its energy shortage, educational reforms, and economic growth. With the assistance of the USA, 1,000 megawatts of renewable energy have been added to the national grid station, facilitating more than 14 million Pakistanis since October 2009. More than 800 schools now have access to state-of-the-art facilities and infrastructure that will improve the capacity of the educational sector thanks to the renovation and rebuilding of school buildings. Scholarships have also been awarded to Pakistan's 12,000 students at their regional universities. Numerous employment have been generated as a result of these economic growth initiatives, and average incomes have grown. With the aid of American technology, agriculture has also seen an increase in productivity. The USA's support for Pakistan allowed for the construction of the roads and bridges. The businessman expanded commerce and business in Pakistan.
In the KPK province of FATA, the USA also made it easier to build and renovate more than 900 km of highways. For the growth of the FATA and the KPK, the USA provided help for the construction of the security-related infrastructure. Pakistan receives the most aid, and the United States' international support highlighted the two countries' common objectives and their long-standing bilateral partnership (Fact Sheet, 2013).
In order to enhance the rule of law and sustain its writ, the USA also provided assistance to Pakistan's legal system and law enforcement. These efforts were extended to the underserved and historically unsafe regions of the under governed and went beyond what was accessible to the general public in terms of justice. Prosecutors, judges, and correctional officers were also included in the training provided by the US to Pakistan's law enforcement institutions. In order to increase the tactical efficacy of Pakistan's police agencies, the United States also provided financial help and the newest equipment in this area. In addition, the Government of Pakistan's support was important for the achievement in quelling militancy and building democratic institutions. Pakistan received $3 billion in support from the US in 2010, which made it the country receiving the most aid from the US internationally. (Hameed, 2013).
The United States upped Pakistan's military aid. The fourteen AH-1 Cobra helicopters outfitted with gunship capability first provided to Pakistan in March 2010 to aid in the fight against terrorism and strengthen Pakistan's air defense system. Pakistan received 18 brand-new F-16 fighter jets, 8 P-3C maritime patrol planes, 6,000 anti-tank missiles, 500 air missiles, 6 C-130 cargo jets, 20 Cobra attack helicopters, and the Perry Class missile of Frigate from the United States. During the Bush administration, Pakistan received half of the funding, and during the Obama administration, the other half was disperse. During the Obama administration, Pakistan received more economic assistance than military aid. The US increased its military assistance to Pakistan in order to support Pakistan's air defense system and fight against terrorism, fourteen AH-1 Cobra helicopters with gunship capabilities were initially delivered to Pakistan in March 2010. Pakistan received 18 brand-new F-16 fighter jets, 8 P-3C maritime patrol planes, 6,000 anti-tank missiles, 500 air missiles, 6 C-130 cargo jets, 20 Cobra attack helicopters, and the Perry Class missile of Frigate from the United States (The Nation, 2010). The USA made a concerted effort to address its deficiencies in Pakistan, excelled in the reforms, and enhanced its efficiency in the energy sector to hasten the expansion of Pakistan's economy in order to satisfy the country's expanding requirements and expectations. The United States contributed $800 million to aid the energy industry. With the formation of the USA, Pakistan's national grid gained more than 1,000 megawatts of energy, improving the lives of more than 16 million Pakistanis. The Gomal Zam Dam, the Satpara Dam, the Mangala Dam, and the Tarbela Dam were also built with funding provided by the USA, while the Guddu, Jamshoro, and Muzaffargarh thermal power plant projects were modernize with the assistance of USA.
The USA made a concerted effort to address its deficiencies in Pakistan, excelled in the reforms, and enhanced its efficiency in the energy sector to hasten the expansion of Pakistan's economy in order to satisfy the country's expanding requirements and expectations. The United States contributed $800 million to aid the energy industry. With the formation of the USA, Pakistan's national grid gained more than 1,000 megawatts of energy, improving the lives of more than 16 million Pakistanis. The Gomal Zam Dam, the Satpara Dam, the Mangala Dam, and the Tarbela Dam were also build with funding provided by the USA, while the Guddu, Jamshoro, and Muzaffargarh thermal power plant projects were modernize with the assistance of USA. The US government was committed to fostering stronger ties between the two nations for the benefit of both business sectors and their cooperation in the energy sector. In November 2013, the US-funded Pakistan specifically focused on the trade of energy and visited Houston, Texas to establish relationships with the region's main energy producers. Before the audience of more than 100 leaders from the energy industry, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, the Pakistani minister for petroleum and natural resources, and Richard Olson, the US ambassador to Pakistan, emphasized on the opportunities for the US business community to invest in Pakistan. Along with the equipment supply, offshore gas exploration, and supplies of natural gas, these discussions and meetings also covered these topics (Susan, et al., 2011).
In April 2012, negotiations between the presidents of Pakistan and the US failed to resolve Pakistan's demand for an unequivocal apology from the US for similar Ariel strikes on Pakistani checkpoints along its borders with Afghanistan. The White House did not forgive the Haqqani Network-directed Taliban attacks on Kabul and other Afghan cities on April 15, 2012, and it also chose not to express apology. CIA sources also claim that a terrorist group operating out of Pakistan's tribal region's North Waziristan has been designated (Walsh, 2012). After the US Secretary of State apologized for the incident at Pakistan's Salalah checkpoint on July 3, 2012, comparable supply routes were restored (Khar, 2012). The Pakistani government was contemplating it seriously considering reopening and reshaping the logistics for the USA and NATO forces with some modified terms and conditions, including new taxation and updated transit fees on traffic (Shah, 2011). The use of Pakistan's overland routes was significantly curtailed to just two-thirds of what it had been due to a surge of terrorist strikes against NATO soldiers' supply vehicles at several places, notably in Peshawar. However, there are not many resources on the third level.

Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan
Despite all the issues and complexities, vicissitudes, mutual trust and distrust, complexes, convergence and divergence, coercion and cooperation, Pakistan still faces many difficulties and has a wide range of opportunities to form relationships with the United States. The following list of Pakistan's challenges and possibilities are given:

Challenges
Due to security challenges, Pakistan, was frontline state in the fight against terrorism, has endured a variety of challenges. Given the various complications, Pakistan has had in her relationship with the United States, including domestic economic and social issues that arose as a result of the unrest Pakistan's alliance with the United States in the global war on terrorism against Afghanistan. In order to promote the Pak-U.S. relationship, incidents like Raymond Davis' should be handle carefully in Pakistan. Public indignation in the form of anti-Americanism once manifested itself in the form of the destruction of the U.S. Embassy in the late 1970s. An additional painful fact is the widespread anti-American mentality that needs to be eradicate. It has to let the United States of America know that Pakistan consistently supports her interests and that she should consider Pakistan's challenges.

Opportunities
Pak-US relationship has a pivotal significant especially for Pakistan because USA is an international hegemon which could support Pakistan in pursuing its interests from International community and most importantly from its neighbor India. In order to realign with America and ensure Pakistan's calculated prominence in South Asia, the two state's tense relationship is advantageous for USA. Protection of Pakistani national interests in international arena has utmost importance. The research primary focus on Pakistan and America will be helpful for reconciling the two countries, long-lasting, complicated relationship and for opening up new avenues for collaboration, growth, and mutual development in Pakistan Particularly, in Afghan crisis. For the Peace in Afghanistan, Pakistan's internal security challenges should be resolved and in the appropriate direction, US-Pakistan ties may protect Pakistan's national interests globally. India must aware by Pakistan-U.S. ties that Pakistan has supporters beyond the region. Additionally, the present research work requires immediate attention to investigate the present challenges in relationships between Pakistan and the US. Additionally, a fresh perspective will be incorporate into the current analysis of the circumstance, which will clarify the nature of relationships and further cooperation amongst each other.

Recommendations
The USA was not ready to embrace Pakistan's nuclear capacity, while referring to Pakistan as the most acceptable ally in several historical accounts. Pakistan's desire to use it for civilian energy purposes but refused by the USA, while India was permitted.
On the other hand, the majority of the pressure and deterioration in these interactions was attributable to Pakistan's political establishment. Additionally, it was important to remember that the USA was a capitalist nation with its own set of strategic priorities. By denying any nation like Russia, China, India, or Pakistan primacy, the USA wished to maintain an eye on South Asia. Due to its sizable international trade markets, China posed a serious challenge to the USA. Being an anti-socialist and anti-communist nation, the USA did not want to see these trends spread throughout south Asia.
The important finding of this research is USA used Pakistan for their interests when USA required in different times and different periods. Pakistan always try to become a most allied ally of USA but the foreign policy of Pakistan remained under the US influenced.
This research's another finding is that Pakistan's foreign policy towards USA was remained weak and under USA pressure due to the war in Afghanistan which created phenomena of trust, mistrust, perceptions, misperceptions, disenchantments and frustrations.
The main conclusion of this research is that state behavior has guided by the interest-based paradigm, while being an ancient theory that is still relevant and enduring owing to the concept of interest in terms of power.
Another conclusion is that, although being a smaller and weaker state than the US, Pakistan needs strong bilateral and strategic ties with the latter since it is constantly on the receiving end of US support while the latter is a larger and stronger state. Similar to how beggars have no choice, Pakistan also has no options until its national might has built to the point where it can negotiate with the US based on parity and equality of treatment.
Another conclusion from this research is that the US is at a giving end and has the right to maintain strategic ties with Pakistan as well as to decide the extent of such cooperation and interaction. Another result of this research relates to the reality of national interest, which has made up of several elements, with human resources being the main one under the current conditions. Without a doubt, a nation's geographic size affects its national interests significantly, albeit it also presents challenges in terms of defending such a big geographic area. However, the availability of various mineral and other resources combined with the use of superior technology by educated and skilled human resources improves a state's standing in terms of its national power.
Therefore, the main finding of the dissertation relates to the convergence and divergence of their interests on national security of Pakistan as well as related with the formulation of foreign policy. This forced it to consider all options for bolstering its economy and defense while weighing any potential risks to its national security. In this manner, when its strategic interests were at stake, the US, a global force, moved towards Pakistan. Therefore, the ideas of fear and threat perception are equally applicable to state national security, and in a global strategic context, nations only collaborate when there are shared interests.
The main drivers of international cooperation have also been examine in this research. These variables are the convergence of expectations and interests, which forces the states to cooperate in order to develop policies and strategies that are advantageous to both of the states. The states will continue to work together as long as there are gains to be had. Although weaker or smaller nations are unable to accurately assess the amount or quantity of such reciprocal advantages, the element of reciprocity is always there. When there was a divergence in interests, the US quickly withdrew from any partnership or cooperation that was normally framed in political terms or, for the sake of common perception, portrayed as friendship in traditional terms. The US strategic behaviour remained purely in the same pattern of interest convergence.
Another result of this research is that the notions of fear and threat perception, in addition to state interests, also drive the strategic interactions between nations in their international context. Despite the fact that states are inanimate objects, people nevertheless make and carry out their policies because they are motivated by fear or some other sense of threat, whether it manifests as benefits or drawbacks. The US always reacted to its anxieties and danger perceptions with a choice of time line at its discretion, but Pakistan always needed allies who could complement its security demands because it was a weaker and smaller state. Fear and the impression of threat are fundamental components in how governments behave strategically in a global or regional context. Unrest was brought on by the US drone operations in Pakistan, particularly the residents of the tribal regions, where the USA drone Ariel strikes resulted in the deaths of several unarmed military personnel and innocent civilians, causing anger in Pakistani society. Drone strikes in Pakistan are not supported by the populace or the country's military leadership as a result of the USA's invasion of its Ariel. Some individuals hold the opinion that Pakistan and the United States had a covert agreement to carry out these drone strikes, but nothing should have stayed a secret in a democracy when innocent people's lives were lost. Instead of Pakistan's sacrifices of thousands of civilians, military personnel, members of law enforcement agencies, and billions of dollars in economic losses, the USA viewed Pakistan's performance in the war on terror with suspicion. The persistent call from Pakistan to "DO MORE" worries the USA constantly. The USA should be aware of Pakistan's actual conditions, where things are far more difficult than they appear to be on the surface. Pakistan was waging its own brand of terrorism warfare. Dynamics of U.S.-Pakistan bilateral relations are empirical analysis of Pakistan's foreign policy, it was decided that the USA and its coalition partners would be Pakistan's principal allies and allies on the battlefield. The analysis of the costs, causes, and scope and sectors of support in connection to the foreign policy field of relations between the USA and Pakistan leads us to the conclusion that the USA only provided minimal help to Pakistan throughout the War.
The scope of both nations' collaboration in foreign policy was constrained by their own security concerns. Even just for humanitarian reasons, the USA did not help the civilian sectors. As soon as the aim was reached, Pakistan became a greater threat to the prospects of Pakistani interests being protected. Fewer reciprocal connections may support the resurgence of confidence between two previous close allies as U.S. collaboration and aid declined and the relationship between the USA and Pakistan worsened. To conclude that over the first fifteen years of the twenty-first century, ties between the United States of America (USA) and Pakistan progressed from being cordial to becoming extremely close friends. The USA gradually allowed Pakistan to receive its military and civilian aid over the relevant era.
Highlighting the losses suffered by the USA and Pakistan reveals the USA's worries about Pakistan at the time, which prompted the USA to help Pakistan while also identifying the obstacles to that assistance. This section does a quick analysis of the military and humanitarian aid provided by the USA. The analysis reveals that the aid decreased during the last five years. Assistance is solely provided for Pakistan's security and not for humanitarian reasons. Both nations still have a distinct trust gap, which has made it difficult to work together effectively to tackle the shared danger source. Despite difficulties, both nations desire a fruitful and reliable partnership in order to battle terrorist organisations. The development of Pakistan's national interests and the promotion of freedom and prosperity across the world are the two guiding concepts that Pakistan's foreign policy is based on. According to the requirements of each nation, the relationship between the two has undergone periodic revision. Both parties came to the realization that knowing one another and building stronger relationships depend on progress and acknowledgement.
Additionally, this should be less strategic and more transactional. When defining Pakistan's foreign policy, four pillars of the country's security's core character are taken into consideration. These are Pakistan's fundamental beliefs on the status of the Kashmir dispute, Afghanistan, and the nation's independent nuclear programme with its integrity and sovereignty. The ongoing democratic process in Pakistan aids the United States in extending its assistance to strengthen Pakistan's institutions. Despite the Kashmir dispute, Pakistan has consistently expressed its support for improving relations with India. Furthermore, they all enjoy the same freedoms and privileges within the bounds of the constitution, making them all equal Pakistanis. The habit of being selfcentric must be changed to becoming national-centric, especially among Pakistan's elite. The United States must work with Pakistan's administration in all of its varied spheres, including political, social, economic, and educational. The people of both nations have a misperception that has to be cleared up in order for them to become more friendly. Activities that might be started with the nations of both countries should show both nations' image-building efforts as being peaceful and harmonious. In order to alleviate the hurt and anger felt by the bereaved families, it is important to trust them and encourage them to improve their communities and themselves (Marwat, 2021). Conclusion Pakistan-US relationship have a past of perception and misperception, trust and distrust, complications, divergence and convergence, collaboration and compulsions, and despite of all these issues and complexities Pakistan-US relations has its own importance to both countries because they depend on each another. Pakistan's relationship with US has utmost importance because Pakistan is a developing country in need of aid from the United States in a variety of areas, including "technology, modern military equipment and economic affairs". Even yet, both nations retain many opportunities for compromise within the framework of their respective standards and status. Being a superpower, the US have to support Pakistan in bilateral, economic, commercial, technical, and academic spheres. Pakistan maintains its importance owing to its strategic position, nuclear capability, and maybe a moderate stance on Islam. The fact cannot be denied that Pakistan-US ties ultimately depend on a convergence of their national interests, even though both states support in short and long terms each other with mutually advantageous possibilities in a variety of areas, including as Afghanistan's future, South Asia's peace and stability, and thwarting the danger of terrorism.